محمود شبيب
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الموقع : اللهم صلي وسلم وبارك علي سيدنا ""محمد"" عليه أفضل الصلاة والسلام
 |  موضوع: Egypt Feature Story Who Was King Tut by Jimmy Dunn الأحد يوليو 11, 2010 12:24 pm | |
| Egypt Feature Story Who Was King Tut by Jimmy Dunn Who exactly was [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], known during his early life as Tutankhuaten (or Tutankhaten), reflecting his [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] roots, and later as Tutankhamun, reflecting the return to Egypt's traditional religion? Despite the richness of his burial, King Tutankhamun remains somewhat of an enigmatic figure, even though he has been the subject of much investigation. Presumably, he was born in [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], during the latter half of the reign of [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], the Heretic king who attempted to establish a radical departure from traditional Egyptian religion. We believe that he died in his late teens, judging from various analyses of his mummy. Although his royal lineage has sometimes been questioned, an inscription unearthed at el-Ahsmunein across the river from el-Amarna confirms that Tutankhuaten (as he was known at that time) was indeed the son of a king. Not surprisingly, official policy during the boy's reign seems to have been to stress his association with [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], who we actually presume to be his grandfather. Given the absence of a long co-regency between Amenhotep III and A[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], it probably must be that [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] was the son of the latter. Though it seems that [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] must have been King Tut's father, much less evidence exists as to his mother. However, a degree of informed speculation is possible. For example, we can probably eliminate [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], since she appears to have provided her husband, Akhenaten, with no sons. Of course, she was not his only wife. Among the king's secondary wives and concubines, one in particular stands out. She is lady Kiya, identified by some with the Mitannian princess Tadukhepa, daughter of Tushratta, sent to Egypt to cement treaty relations between the two countries at the start of the reign. Kiya is peculiarly prominent in the sculptural record at [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] and her special position in the king's favor is reflected in her unique title, "Greatly Beloved Wife". In a number of Amarna reliefs, Kiya is shown in the company of a daughter. Many believe that she might have also borne a son. Chronological considerations by no means rule out the possibility. There are indications that Kiya was a favorite of the Amarna court prior to years nine and ten of [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s reign, but after year eleven, about the time of [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s birth, she disappears from the the record and her monuments at el-Amarna were appropriated by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s daughter, Meritaten. One possible explanation is that Kiya died in childbirth, as a fragmentary mourning scene in Akhenaten's tomb perhaps suggests. However, it is equally possible that Kiya fell from grace, the victim of court intrigue engineered by the jealous [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]. Indeed, it may be no coincidence that the meteoric rise in the status of Nefertiti seems to have begun in earnest only after Kiya's disappearance. Irregardless of his mother's identity, [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] came to the throne in about 1333 BC, then a young child still burdened with the name, Tutankhaten. He married Ankhesenpaaten, the somewhat older third daughter of [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] and [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], a match perhaps made to unite opposing royal factions. He would rule Egypt for only nine or so years, though there can be little doubt that for most of this time, the reigns of the government were firmly in the hands of others, such as [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], his successor and perhaps a relative of the king, and [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], who would succeed Ay to the throne. Hard facts related to [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s reign are few, but it is clear that the principal event of his reign related to the reestablishment of the traditional Egyptian religion, as well as the relocation of the Capital back to [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] and the reestablishment of the country's religious center at [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]. When the royal couple abandoned the "aten" forms of their name during year two of the king's reign, it signaled the formal resurgence of [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], away from the worship of [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], and the traditional pantheon. Promulgated by a decree at Memphis and recorded in the retrospectively dated "[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]", this one event marks the reign as pivotal to the subsequent course of [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]. Hence, while it is frequently said that [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] was a relatively insignificant king (we too have been guilty of this), despite the wealth of his tomb, his reign was not. Whether the changes that were brought about were his, [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s or [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s, his was a very important time in the history of Egypt. King Tut's Titles and Names | The Horus Name: Ka-nakht tut-mesut, "Strong bull, fitting of created forms" |
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
The King's Horus Name | | The Nebty or He of the Two Ladies' Name: Nefer-hepu segereh-tawy schetep-netjeru nebu, "Dynamic of laws, who calms the Two Lands, who propitiates all the gods" (variant 1: Wer-ah-Amun, "Great of the Palace of Amun; variant 2: neb-er-djer, "...lord of all") |
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
The King's Nebty or He of the Two Ladies' Name | | The Golden Falcon Name: Wetjes-khau sehetep-netjeru, "Who displays the regalia, who propitiates the gods" (variant 1: Heqa-maat schetep-netjeru, "The one who brings together the cosmic order, who propitiates the gods; variant 2: Wetjes-khau-yotef-Re, "Who displays the regalia of his father Re"; variant 3: Wetjes-khau tjes-tawy em..., "Who dsiplays the regalia, who keeps the Two Lands together) |
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
The King's Golden Falcon Name | | The Prenomen, which commonly follows the group nesu-bity, "dual king", traditionally rendered "King of upper and Lower Egypt": Nebkheprure, "The lordly manifestation of Re" |
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
The King's Prenomen | | The Nomen, introduced by sa-ra, "Son of Re": Tutankhamun heqa-Iunu-shema, "Living iamge of Amun, ruler of Upper Egyptian Heliopolis (earlier variant: Tutankhaten, "Living image of the Aten") |
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
The King's Nomen |
See Also: Tut's Tomb References: | Title | Author | Date | Publisher | Reference Number | | Ancient Egypt The Great Discoveries (A Year-by-Year Chronicle) | Reeves, Nicholas | 2000 | Thmes & Hudson, Ltd | ISBN 0-500-05105-4 | | Atlas of Ancient Egypt | Baines, John; Malek, Jaromir | 1980 | Les Livres De France | None Stated | | Chronicle of the Pharaohs (The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt) | Clayton, Peter A. | 1994 | Thames and Hudson Ltd | ISBN 0-500-05074-0 | | Complete Valley of the Kings, The (Tombs and Treasures of Egypt's Greatest Pharaohs) | Reeves, Nicholas; Wilkinson, Richard H. | 1966 | Thames and Hudson Ltd | IBSN 0-500-05080-5 | | History of Ancient Egypt, A | Grimal, Nicolas | 1988 | Blackwell | None Stated | | Monarchs of the Nile | Dodson, Aidan | 1995 | Rubicon Press | ISBN 0-948695-20-x | | Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, The | Shaw, Ian | 2000 | Oxford University Press | ISBN 0-19-815034-2 | | Tutankhamun (His Tomb and Its Treasures) | Edwards, I. E. S. | 1977 | Metropolitan Museum of Art; Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. | ISBN 0-394-41170-6 | | Valley of the Kings | Weeks, Kent R. | 2001 | Friedman/Fairfax | ISBN 1-5866-3295-7 | | Valley of the Kings | Heyden, A. Van Der | | Al Ahram/Elsevier |
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